Partial ligation of the transposed parotid duct at the level of the parotid gland for excessive salivary secretions

Objective To determine the outcome and effect of a partial ligation of the transposed parotid duct at the level of the parotid gland in four dogs with excessive salivation and ocular irritation. Methods Four dogs were previously diagnosed with absolute keratoconjunctivitis sicca. After a parotid duct transposition (PDT) surgery, these dogs experienced excessive saliva production and abundant salivary precipitates, which resulted in epiphora, moist dermatitis, blepharospasm, and keratitis. In an effort to decrease saliva production, a partial ligation of the transposed duct at the level of the parotid gland was performed. Two or three accessory branches to the primary parotid duct were ligated at the level of the salivary gland. Results The four cases were three Yorkshire terriers and a Chihuahua. The average age of the four patients was 2.5 years. Partial ligation of accessory branches of the parotid duct at the level of the parotid gland after a PDT in this study demonstrated improved ocular comfort, decreased salivary precipitates, and adequate Schirmer tear test results without marked epiphora in three of the four animals. The male Yorkshire had epiphora after the initial partial ligations of two accessory branches were placed at the level of the parotid gland. To correct the excessive salivary flow, two additional ligatures were placed at a later date, which resolved the epiphora. Conclusion Partial ligation of the parotid duct at the level of the parotid gland proved to be an effective technique in moderating the salivation in these four patients with excessive salivary secretions after PDT.     

陆地棉色素腺体的表达及其遗传的特殊性

陆地棉种子及各部器官含有有毒物质棉酚,这种情况与棉株各部器官着生有色素腺体的状况有关联。研究结果表明:色素腺体在棉株各器官上的分布极具特殊性,有色素腺体棉与无色素腺体棉杂交后代,不同个体的不同器官上的色素腺体的分布具有多样性;色素腺体密度的不均匀性;色素腺体表达时期的不一致性;以及各种色素腺体类型模式出现频率的不规律性。色素腺体的遗传亦极具特殊性,难于用两对基因质量性状遗传或微效多基因数量性状遗传理论进行圆满解释。本研究倾向于维尔逊和斯密斯提出的“基因对不同器官上色素腺体的表达具有可变的表现度作用”的观点。根据本研究结果,对育种及良繁工作如何提高无色素腺体类型或高色素腺体类型的中选率提出了可减少误判的依据。     

意大利蜜蜂同日龄不同职能工蜂上颚腺的转录组学分析

为揭示意大利蜜蜂哺育蜂上颚腺中蜂王浆合成和分泌相关的分子机制,通过组建人工蜂群收集3日龄工蜂(3d)、10日龄哺育蜂(10dN)、10日龄采集蜂(10dF)、21日龄哺育蜂(21dN)和21日龄采集蜂(21dF),利用高效液相色谱技术检测5种不同职能工蜂上颚腺中10-羟基-2-癸烯酸(10-hydroxy-2(E)-decenoic acid,10-HDA)的含量,并在转录组学水平全面分析上颚腺中调控蜂王浆合成和分泌密切相关的基因。结果表明:工蜂上颚腺中10-HDA含量随日龄的增加呈逐渐增加趋势,其中21dF和21dN上颚腺中10-HDA的含量均显著高于3d(P0.05),但同日龄采集蜂上颚腺中10-HDA的含量高于相同日龄哺育蜂;RNA-seq分析发现,46个差异基因在10dN上颚腺中的表达量显著高于3d、10dF和21dF,同时在21dN上颚腺中的表达量也显著高于21dF;GO和KEGG富集分析显示这些差异基因主要富集在脂肪酸代谢、能量代谢等方面,暗示哺育蜂的上颚腺可能通过增加脂肪酸代谢和能量代谢等促进蜂王浆中相关脂肪酸的合成。综上,在排除日龄影响下,本研究测定了不同职能工蜂上颚腺中10-HDA的变化趋势,同时筛选了46个与哺育蜂上颚腺中蜂王浆合成和分泌密切相关的基因,为深入阐明其分子机制提供基础,也为研究膜翅目昆虫上颚腺的功能提供新视角。     

抗凋亡基因bcl—2在涎腺癌中的表达及意义

目的：观察ｂｃｌ－２基因表达对涎腺癌发生及发展的关系。方法；采用免疫组织化学法对５５例涎腺癌，２５例癌旁涎腺组织及１１例多形性腺瘤组织ｂｃｌ－２表达产物进行检测。结果：涎腺癌组织ｂｃｌ－２阳性表达明显高于癌旁涎腺组织及多形性腺瘤。ｂｃｌ－２表达与涎腺癌的临床分期及恶性程度有关，临床晚期组及恶性程度较高组ｂｃｌ－２呈现高表达。     

吸血蓖子硬蜱成虫唾腺莱姆病螺旋体重度感染的发现

为了解莱姆病螺旋体在蜱体内的发育生物学，采用直接免疫荧光试验、银染色法组织学及电子显微镜观察螺旋体，结果显示，感染莱姆病螺旋体的饥饿蓖子硬蜱雌虫未吸血与吸血0．5和1天唾腺中无螺旋体。在吸血开始后2天出现唾腺的轻度感染，3天出现唾腺的中度感染，4天和5天出现重度感染。这些结果表明，莱姆病螺旋体媒介蜱唾腺的感染程度随吸血时间的延长而迅速增高，并可在缓慢吸血期的中后期形成重度感染。莱姆病螺旋体在吸血期媒介唾腺内的大量存在，特别是重度感染的发现，为该病原螺旋体由蟀向脊椎动物宿主传播的唾液分泌途径假设提供了有力证据。本研究对莱姆病螺旋体在吸血蟀唾腺内分裂增殖的可能性进行了讨论。     

Experimental rabies in skunks: Immune response and salivary gland infection

Groups of striped skunks (Mephitis mephitis) were inoculated intramuscularly with graded doses of street rabies virus. At various intervals after inoculation, saliva and sera were tested for rabies virus and neutralizing antibodies, respectively. Skunks that developed rabies were killed in terminal stages of the disease and the following examinations were made: titers of virus and antibody in submandibular salivary glands and brain, extent of immunofluorescence in submandibular salivary glands, and histologic examination of various tissues.

Skunks that received inocula containing 4 × 10⁴ to 4 × 10⁵ mouse intracerebral lethal dose₅₀ (MICLD₅₀) had detectable serum neutralizing antibodies by 7–12 days postinoculation; however, most of the skunks that received lower doses (40 to 4 × 10³ MICLD₅₀) did not have detectable serum neutralizing antibodies until clinical signs began. In the salivary glands, slight and extensive immunofluorescence corresponded to high and low titers of tissue neutralizing antibody. Also low viral titers were associated with high tissue neutralizing antibody titers. There was a close correlation between viral titers in right and left submandibular salivary glands.

The results suggest that the immune response can impede the process of infection of the salivary glands resulting in lack of antigen or low amounts of antigen in this tissue. This could occur through interference with centrifugal neural transport of virus and/or neutralization of virus during transfer from neural elements to epithelial cells. Lack of infectious virus or low viral titers in salivary glands containing antigen and high levels of tissue neutralizing antibodies can be caused partly by postmortem virus neutralization (during viral titration).     

Extraction of cheek teeth using a lateral buccotomy approach in 114 horses (1999-2009)

Reason for performing the study: There are few published data regarding the success rates of cheek tooth (CT) removal by lateral buccotomy in the horse. Objectives: A retrospective study of 114 horses admitted to 2 private equine referral hospitals over a 10 year period (1999–2009), which underwent CT removal via a lateral buccotomy. Methods: Hospital records were analysed and details including case details, presenting complaint and results of all diagnostic tests and surgical reports were documented. Information obtained during post operative reassessment was also available for analysis. Long‐term follow‐up information (>2 months) was obtained for 112 horses. Results: Short‐term complications (<2 months) occurred in 24/77 horses (31%) undergoing exodontia of the maxillary CT and 10/37 horses (27%) involving mandibular CT, with the majority arising from partial wound dehiscence and infection following 16 extractions (47%). All healed well by second intention. Other complications included both temporary (n = 6) and permanent (n = 3) facial nerve paralysis, myositis (n = 4) and the inadvertent establishment of an oroantral fistula (n = 4). One myositis case was subjected to euthanasia 24 h post operatively. Five horses had persistent sinusitis following surgery due to dental remnants (n = 2) and excessive packing material (n = 1) found in the sinuses. No inciting cause could be found in the remaining 2 horses. One further horse suffered a fatal cardiac arrest at induction of anaesthesia. Of all horses, 92% operated on had returned to their previous level of work after >2 months with no complications. Conclusion: Horses with CT removal by a lateral buccotomy have a reasonable prognosis for long‐term outcome. Potential relevance: Performing a lateral buccotomy is a justified treatment alternative for the surgical removal of equine CT following unsuccessful attempts by standing oral extraction, offering advantages over alternatives such as retropulsion, endodontic therapy and periapical curettage.     

海北州黑白花奶牛和黄牛唾液钠、钾含量的测定

对青海省海北州西海镇的30头黑白花奶牛和20头黄牛的唾液钠、钾含量进行了测定。结果表明：（1）黑白花奶牛唾钠为98．63mmol/L，唾液钾为16．87mmol／L, 钠／钾之比为6．68／1；（2）黄牛唾液钠为121．6mmol/L，唾液钾为16．41mmol/L，黄／钾之比为10．97／1；（3）黑白花奶牛和黄牛的唾液钠含量之间有显著性差异（P＜0．05）。     

The effect of exogenous administration of oestrogens on the function of the epididymis and the accessory sex glands in the boar.

Three normal, sexually mature young boars of Swedish Yorkshire breed were treated with daily intramuscular injections of diethylstilboestrol and/or oestradiolbenzoate for a total period of 13–15 weeks. Whole ejaculates were collected on a dummy sow with an artificial vagina twice a week. The ejaculate was examined as regards semen volume, sperm concentration, sperm motility and sperm morphology. The seminal plasma was analysed for Na, K, Cl, Mg, inorganic phosphate, total protein and fructose. Testicles, epididymides and the accessory sex glands were obtained at slaughter. Material from epididymal segments A, B, D_b, F_a and F_b was collected and examined for sperm morphology. Spermatocrit, osmotic pressure and plasma concentrations of Na, K, Gl, total protein and GPC were assessed in material from epididymal segment F_a. The sex glands and the accessory sex glands were examined maeroscopically and microscopically.The semen volume, the sperm concentration and consequently the total sperm count per ejaculate showed a gradual increase during the course of the investigation. This is to be expected as the boars used were comparatively young at the beginning of the experiment. These values were all within normal limits for adolescent boars.Taking all the characteristics examined into consideration no conclusive evidence was found that an exogenic administration of oestrogens to intact boars has any influence on the function of the epididymis and the accessory sex glands.